Which of the following is a symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication often associated with uncontrolled diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes. One of the hallmark symptoms of DKA is the presence of fruity breath, which is caused by the accumulation of acetone in the body—a type of ketone body produced during fat metabolism when insulin is low. This characteristic odor is often described as similar to nail polish remover.

Additionally, rapid and deep breathing, known as Kussmaul breathing, occurs as the body attempts to compensate for metabolic acidosis by blowing off carbon dioxide. This respiratory response helps to decrease acidity in the blood. The presence of both fruity breath and deep rapid breathing is a significant indicator of DKA, making this choice the most accurate representation of its symptoms.

Other symptoms noted in the other options, such as confusion, severe abdominal pain, nausea, and cold clammy skin, can be associated with a variety of medical conditions but are not definitive for DKA. For instance, confusion and disorientation may occur in severe cases of DKA but are not specific to it alone. Similarly, while severe abdominal pain and nausea can be present, they are not among the most characteristic signs. Cold, clammy skin is generally associated with hypoglycemia or